1. Ngokuthuthuka kancane kancane kokukhiqizwa ngobuningi nezinkinga zosayizi omkhulu, ijubane lokusetshenziswa kwezimboni ze-graphene liyakhula ngesivinini. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yocwaningo ekhona, izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuqala zentengiso zingase kube amadivaysi eselula, i-aerospace, namandla amasha. Inkambu yebhethri. Ucwaningo oluyisisekelo I-Graphene inokubaluleka okukhethekile ocwaningweni oluyisisekelo ku-physics. Inika amandla eminye imiphumela ye-quantum engaboniswa kuphela ngokombono ngaphambi kokuthi iqinisekiswe ngokuhlolwa.
2. Ku-graphene enezinhlangothi ezimbili, inqwaba yama-electron ibonakala ingekho. Lesi sakhiwo senza i-graphene ibe yindaba eyivelakancane efingqiwe engasetshenziswa ukutadisha i-relativistic quantum mechanics-ngoba izinhlayiya ezingenasisindo kumele zihambe ngesivinini sokukhanya Ngakho-ke, kufanele kuchazwe yi-relativistic quantum mechanics, enikeza izazi ze-physics inkomba entsha yocwaningo: ezinye. ukuhlolwa obekudingeka ekuqaleni ukwenziwa kuma-accelerator ezinhlayiyana ezinkulu kungenziwa nge-graphene kumalabhorethri amancane. Ama-semiconductors egebe lamandla ayiziro ikakhulukazi ayi-graphene yongqimba olulodwa, futhi lesi sakhiwo se-elekthronikhi sizothinta kakhulu indima yama-molecule egesi ebusweni bawo. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-graphite yobuningi, umsebenzi we-graphene yongqimba olulodwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe umsebenzi wokusabela ongaphezulu uboniswa yimiphumela ye-graphene hydrogenation nokusabela kwe-oxidation, okubonisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwe-electronic kwe-graphene kungashintsha umsebenzi ongaphezulu.
3. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo se-electronic se-graphene singashintshwa ngokuhambisanayo ngokungeniswa kwe-adsorption ye-molecule yegesi, engashintshi nje kuphela ukugxila kwabathwali, kodwa futhi ingafakwa nge-graphene ehlukene. I-graphene yezinzwa ingenziwa inzwa yamakhemikhali. Le nqubo igcwaliswa ngokuyinhloko ukusebenza kwe-adsorption ye-graphene. Ngokocwaningo lwezinye izazi, ukuzwela kwezitholi zamakhemikhali e-graphene kungaqhathaniswa nomkhawulo wokutholwa kwe-molecule eyodwa. Isakhiwo se-graphene esinezinhlangothi ezimbili esiyingqayizivele siyenza ibe bucayi kakhulu endaweni ezungezile. I-graphene iyinto efanelekile yama-biosensors e-electrochemical. Izinzwa ezenziwe nge-graphene zinokuzwela okuhle kokuthola i-dopamine ne-glucose kwezokwelapha. I-Transistor graphene ingasetshenziswa ukwenza ama-transistors. Ngenxa yokuqina okuphezulu kwesakhiwo se-graphene, lolu hlobo lwe-transistor lusengasebenza ngokuzinza esikalini se-athomu eyodwa.
4. Ngokuphambene, ama-transistors amanje asekelwe ku-silicon azolahlekelwa ukuzinza kwawo esikalini esingaba nama-nanometer angu-10; isivinini sokusabela esisheshayo sama-electron ku-graphene ukuya ensimini yangaphandle yenza ama-transistors enziwe ngawo angafinyelela imvamisa yokusebenza ephezulu kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-IBM yamemezela ngoFebhuwari 2010 ukuthi izonyusa imvamisa yokusebenza yama-graphene transistors iye ku-100 GHz, eyeqa eyama-silicon transistors anosayizi ofanayo. Isibonisi esiguquguqukayo Isikrini esigobekayo sidonse ukunaka okukhulu embukisweni we-Consumer Electronics, futhi sesiphenduke inkambiso yokuthuthukiswa kwezikrini eziguqukayo zokubonisa amadivayisi eselula esikhathini esizayo.
5. Imakethe yesikhathi esizayo yesibonisi esivumelana nezimo ibanzi, futhi ithemba le-graphene njengento eyisisekelo nalo liyathembisa. Abacwaningi baseNingizimu Korea bakhiqize ngokokuqala ngqa isibonisi esivumelana nezimo esihlanganisa izendlalelo eziningi ze-graphene kanye ne-glass fiber polyester sheet substrate. Abacwaningi abavela kwa-Samsung kanye neYunivesithi yase-Sungkyunkwan yaseNingizimu Korea benze ucezu lwe-graphene emsulwa elingana ne-TV ebhodini le-polyester le-fiber polyester elivulekayo elinobubanzi obungamasentimitha angu-63 ububanzi. Bathe lokhu kuyibhulokhi yegraphene “enkulu” enkulu kunazo zonke. Kamuva, basebenzise ibhulokhi ye-graphene ukuze benze isikrini sokuthinta esivumelana nezimo.
6. Abacwaningi bathi ngokombono, abantu bangakwazi ukugoqa ama-smartphones abo futhi bawaphine ngemuva kwezindlebe zabo njengepensela. Amabhethri wamandla amasha Amabhethri wamandla amasha nawo ayindawo ebalulekile yokusetshenziswa kwezentengiso kwasekuqaleni kwe-graphene. I-Massachusetts Institute of Technology e-United States ithuthukise ngempumelelo amaphaneli e-photovoltaic aguquguqukayo ane-graphene nano-coatings phezulu, anganciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokukhiqiza amaseli elanga asobala futhi aguga. Amabhethri anjalo angasetshenziswa kumazibuko okubuka ebusuku, amakhamera namanye amakhamera amancane edijithali. Uhlelo lokusebenza kudivayisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo oluyimpumelelo nokuthuthukiswa kwamabhethri e-graphene super luphinde lwaxazulula izinkinga zomthamo onganele kanye nesikhathi eside sokushaja kwamabhethri emoto yamandla amasha, okusheshisa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni entsha yebhethri yamandla.
7. Lolu chungechunge lwemiphumela yocwaningo luvule indlela yokusetshenziswa kwe-graphene embonini entsha yebhethri yamandla. Izihlungi ze-graphene zokukhipha usawoti emanzini zisetshenziswa kakhulu kunobunye ubuchwepheshe bokukhipha usawoti emanzini. Ngemva kokuba ifilimu ye-graphene oxide endaweni yamanzi isondelene namanzi, kungakhiwa umzila onobubanzi obungama-nanometer angaba ngu-0.9, futhi ama-ion noma ama-molecule amancane kunalo sayizi angadlula ngokushesha. Ubukhulu beziteshi ze-capillary kufilimu ye-graphene buphinde bucindezelwe ngezindlela zemishini, futhi ubukhulu bembotshana buyalawulwa, obungakwazi ukuhlunga kahle usawoti emanzini olwandle. I-graphene yokugcina i-hydrogen inezinzuzo zesisindo esilula, ukuqina kwamakhemikhali aphezulu kanye nendawo ethile ephezulu, okuyenza ibe ikhandidethi elingcono kakhulu lezinto zokugcina i-hydrogen. Ngenxa yezimpawu zokuqhuba okuphezulu, amandla aphezulu, ukukhanya okuphezulu kanye nokuzacile ku-aerospace, izinzuzo zokusetshenziswa kwe-graphene embonini ye-aerospace nezempi nazo zivelele kakhulu.
8. Ngo-2014, i-NASA e-United States yenza inzwa ye-graphene esetshenziswa emkhakheni we-aerospace, ekwazi ukubona izakhi zokulandelela emkhathini wokuphakama okuphezulu komhlaba kanye nokukhubazeka kwesakhiwo semikhumbi-mkhathi. I-graphene izophinda idlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezingaba khona ezifana nezinto zendiza ekhanyayo. I-elementi ye-photosensitive iwuhlobo olusha lwe-elementi ye-photosensitive esebenzisa i-graphene njengento ebalulekile ye-photosensitive. Ngesakhiwo esikhethekile, kulindeleke ukuthi kukhuliswe amandla ezithombe ngezinkulungwane zezikhathi uma kuqhathaniswa ne-CMOS ekhona noma i-CCD, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kungu-10% kuphela kokwangempela. Ingasetshenziswa emkhakheni wabaqaphi kanye nesithombe sesathelayithi, futhi ingasetshenziswa kumakhamera, amafoni ahlakaniphile, njll. Izinto eziyinhlanganisela Izinto eziyinhlanganisela ezisekelwe ku-graphene ziyisiqondiso esibalulekile socwaningo emkhakheni wezicelo ze-graphene. Babonise ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu emikhakheni yokugcina amandla, i-liquid crystal devices, i-electronic materials, izinto eziphilayo, izinto zokuzwa, kanye nabathwali be-catalyst, futhi banamathuba amaningi ohlelo lokusebenza.
9. Njengamanje, ucwaningo lwezinhlanganisela ze-graphene lugxile kakhulu ku-graphene polymer composite kanye nama-nanocomposites asekelwe ku-graphene. Ngokujula kocwaningo lwe-graphene, ukusetshenziswa kweziqinisekiso ze-graphene kuzinhlanganisela eziningi ezisekelwe ensimbi Abantu banaka kakhulu. Izinhlanganisela ze-polymer ezisebenzayo kanye nezinto zobumba eziqinile eziqinile ezenziwe nge-graphene zithuthukisa izici eziningi ezikhethekile zezinto eziyinhlanganisela. I-Biographene isetshenziselwa ukusheshisa ukuhlukaniswa kwe-osteogenic yamaseli we-stem amathambo omnkantsha womuntu, futhi isetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-biosensors e-epitaxial graphene ku-silicon carbide. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-graphene ingasetshenziswa njenge-electrode yesixhumi esibonakalayo ngaphandle kokushintsha noma ukucekela phansi izakhiwo ezinjengamandla esignali noma ukwakheka kwezicubu ezibomvu. Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo, i-biocompatibility kanye nokusebenza, ama-electrode e-graphene azinzile kakhulu ku-vivo kune-tungsten noma ama-silicon electrode. I-graphene oxide iphumelela kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukukhula kwe-E. coli ngaphandle kokulimaza amangqamuzana omuntu.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-06-2021